Procrastination In College Students And Its Effects - Free Essay Example

Procrastination in College Students and Its Effects Do you ever find yourself waiting until the last minute to complete assignments? If you do, you are not alone. Many college students have a tendency to procrastinate on assignments. For most, procrastination can have negative consequences and can be harmful to their academic success, but for some procrastination is intentional and can have positive outcomes. Researchers are doing studies to define the difference between passive procrastination and active procrastination and the consequences or benefits they have on college students. The most common form of procrastination is called passive procrastination. Passive procrastinators are traditional procrastinators who postpone their tasks until the last minute because of an inability to make the decision to act in a timely manner (Choi and Moran 196). There are many negative internal consequences that can arise from this type of procrastination that may include regret, irritation, despair, and self-blame, as well as external consequences that can include impaired academic and work progress, lost opportunities, and strained relationships (Haycock et al. 317). The negative consequences procrastination can have on college students could lead to poor grade point averages and failure to complete courses. Throughout the years researchers have been studying these effects on college students and their inability to complete assignments in a timely manner. In 2007, it was estimated that 75% of college students procrastinated, with 50% of them saying they thought it may be a problem because they procrastinate constantly (Burka Yuen 6). A study done at one university on academic procrastination showed that as many as 50% of the participants procrastinated on assignments (Haycock et al. 317). Some college students find it easier to delay working on assignments to do more pleasurable activities which then causes them to rush to meet deadlines and often results in undesirable grades and poor self-esteem. In 1997, Dianne Tice and Roy Baumeister, both professors of psychology, published one of the first studies of the nature of procrastination in Psychological Science (Jaffe, par. 8). They tracked college students level of procrastination by looking at their academic performance, stress levels, and overall health during the semester. Tice and Baumeister (1997) reported that university students who rated high on procrastination not only received low grades but also reported a high level of stress along with poor self-rated health (Chu and Choi 246). Tice later teamed up with Joseph Ferrari, a professor of psychology, to further study the how procrastination can have negative consequences. In 2000, Tice and Ferrari published their conclusions in the Journal of Research in Personality, finding that procrastinators tend to undermine their own best efforts (Jaffe, par. 10). These studies are consistent in concluding the negative effects procrastination can have on college students but do no t tell us why college students procrastinate. For some college students, they have an underlying fear of failure, while for others itrs a fear of success. According to Burka and Yuen, As long as you procrastinate, you never have to confront the real limits of your ability, whatever those limits are (22). Some college students use procrastination as a way to avoid the humiliation and judgement of failing (Burka Yuen, 22). The fear that their success will raise other peoples expectations of them is another reason college students procrastinate (Novotney 2). Procrastinating because of the fear of failure can affect oners ability to reach their full potential and success in the future. For those that have a fear of success, they want to do well but unconscious worries keep them from succeeding and results in procrastination (Burka Yuen 23). These fears are often not noticed by college students until they start to negatively affect their grades. Studies have shown that negative outcomes are more likely with passive procrastination, but newer studies are showing that it is possible to procrastinate and achieve positive outcomes. In 2005, Angela Hsin Chun Chu and Jin Nam Choi provided an alternative perspective and demonstrated that not all procrastination behaviors are harmful or are precursors of negative consequences (Choi and Moran 195). Chu and Choi believe that, Active procrastinators make intentional decisions to procrastinate, using their strong motivation under time pressure, and they are able to complete tasks before deadlines and achieve satisfactory outcomes (Choi and Moran 196). During their study of a group of 230 undergraduates from three Canadian universities, they found that active procrastinators demonstrated time perceptions, attitudes, coping styles, and academic performance that were nearly identical to (and in some cases even better than) those of non-procrastinators (Choi and Moran 196). An active procra stinator might, for example, start a project the day itrs due because they feel they will be able to focus better, meet expectations, and still receive a satisfactory grade. By approaching procrastination as an active behavior, scholars could highlight beneficial outcomes for students who intentionally delayed academics (Hensley 1). Although further research is needed to verify the benefits of active procrastination, researchers are finding that there can be positive outcomes of procrastination. Active procrastinators have the benefit of being able to organize their time and are self-motivated, which can drive them towards their goals and ability to achieve their desired outcome (Choi and Moran 197). Survey-based studies of active procrastination have included undergraduates of all academic levels and a range of ethnic backgrounds (Hensley 1). Active procrastination is an observable behavioral characteristic that encompasses a personrs affective preference for time pressure, cognitive decision to procrastinate, behavioral capacity to meet deadlines, and ability to achieve satisfactory outcomes (Choi Moran 196). Using these four characterizations, Chu and Choi (2005) were able to determine whether a person is a passive procrastinator or an active procrastinator. Choi and doctoral student Sarah V. Moran have taken Chu and Choirs study and expanded on the four dimensions of characteristics and included comparing them with other general personality characteristics (Choi Moran 197). By expanding the scale from the 12-item measure that Chu and Choi (2005) used to a 40-item measure, they were able to take into account various cognitive, affective, and behavioral mechanisms to improve their study (Choi and Moran 200). During their expanded study of active procrastination Choi and Moran were able to confirm the findings from Chu and Choirs study in 2005. There is still more research to be done to determine if active procrastination is directly related to high academic performance as it is connected to higher grade point averages (Hensley 2). A lot of college students procrastinate when it comes to completing their assignments. Most college students procrastinate because they find other activities to be more pleasurable, but studies show that some college students do it because they feel they can manage their time and focus better. Passive procrastinators are more likely to receive poor grades, have lower self-esteem, and higher stress levels due to the pressure they put on themselves to complete tasks on time. While passive procrastinators tend to receive more negative outcomes, studies show that active procrastinators excel in their studies when under time pressure and focus better. Active procrastinators intentionally wait until the last minute to complete assignments and are still able to receive desirable outcomes. Work Cited Angela Hsin Chun, Chu and Choi, Jin Nam. Rethinking Procrastination: Positive Effects of Active Procrastination Behavior on Attitudes and Performance. Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 145, no. 3, June 2005, p. 245 EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=cookie,ip,cpidcustid=s6246780db=f5hAN=17158868site=ehost-liovescope=site. Accessed by 09 March 2018. Burka, Jane B. and Lenora M. Yuen.Procrastination : Why You Do It, What to Do about It Now. vol. 25th anniversary ed., fully rev. and updated, Da Capo Press, 2008. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=cookie,ip,cpidcustid=s6246780db=e000xnaAN=258727site=ehost-livescope=site. Accessed by 08 March 2018. Choi, Jin Nam and Moran, Sarah V. Why Not Procrastinate? Development and Validation of a New Active Procrastination Scale. The Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 149, no. 2, Apr. 2009, p. 195-212. EBSCOhost,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=cookie,ip,cpidcustid=s6246780db=f5hAN=37349889site=ehost-livescope=site. Accessed by 09 March 2018. Haycock, Laurel A., et al. Procrastination in College Students: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Anxiety. Journal of Counseling Development, vol. 76, no. 3, Summer98, p. 317 EBSCOhost,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=cookie,ip,cpidcustid=s6246780db=buhAN=951234site=ehost-livescope=site. Accessed by 09 March 2018. Hensley, Lauren C. The Draws and Drawbacks of College Students Active Procrastination. Journal of College Student Development. vol. 57, no. 4, May 2016, p. 465-471. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/619495/summary. Jaffe, Eric. Why Wait? The Science Behind Procrastination. Main Street Practitioner, vol. 6, Nov/Dec 2015, p. 10. EBSCOhost,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=trueAuthType=cookie,ip,cpidcustid=s6246780db=f5hAN=114150661site=ehost-livescope=site. Accessed by 10 March 2018. Novotney, Amy. Procrastination or ?intentional delay? GradPsych Magazine, vol. 8, no. 1, Jan 2010, p. 14. https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2010/01/procrastination.aspx. Accessed by 01 April 2018

The Policy of Direct Subsidy Scheme Schools in Hong Kong

Critically examine the pros and cons of the Direct Subsidy Scheme in primary and secondary education in Hong Kong. Take two well-known schools as case examples (one D.S.S. and the other non-D.S.S.) to illustrate your answer. Content I. Introduction II. Background III. Direct Subsidy Scheme (DSS) IV. Advantages of DSS 1. To schools 2. To society 3. To parents and students V. Disadvantages of DSS 1. To schools 2. To society 3. To parents and students VI. Case Study: D.S.S. – Diocesan Boys’ School VII. Case Study: Non-D.S.S. – La Salle College VIII. My Opinion IX. Reference I. Introduction Since 1978, Hong Kong government has been providing free compulsory education to†¦show more content†¦Moreover, the report also stated that there should be at least 1.3 teachers in each class and a higher teacher-to-student ratio is required for senior year to improve the quality of class. Better quality of education could be promoted in a smaller class and with a higher teacher-to-student ratio, each teacher take care smaller portion students, better care can be provided. DSS schools are free to design their own curriculum as well as the teaching materials; therefore, they can vary the curriculum and teaching method based on the latest development of Hong Kong. Students in DSS schools can participate in local and non-local examinations according to their will; their schools can adopt the Hong Kong syllabus or international examinations such as International Baccalaureate and GCE. This allows students to have a more diversified range of choices and have a better development in different areas. In addition, DSS schools can set their own medium of instructions according to students’ ability, English and Mandarin could be the major medium of instructions, students’ practical language skills could be trained up and be more competitive in the global market. Wider source of income In terms of Finance, DSS schools obtain more funding comparing to government schools and aided schools. Not only receiving school fee from students, DSS schools can also possess government subsidy according to the number of students. Annual school fee of someShow MoreRelatedThe Policy of Direct Subsidy Scheme Schools in Hong Kong3789 Words   |  16 PagesCritically examine the pros and cons of the Direct Subsidy Scheme in primary and secondary education in Hong Kong. Take two well-known schools as case examples (one D.S.S. and the other non-D.S.S.) to illustrate your answer. Content I. Introduction II. Background III. Direct Subsidy Scheme (DSS) IV. Advantages of DSS 1. To schools 2. To society 3. To parents and students V. Disadvantages of DSS 1. To schools 2. To society 3. To parents and students VI. 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Business Essay on Comparison of Two Managers - Basic Ideas

Business Essay on Comparison of Two Managers - Basic IdeasWriting a business essay on the comparison of two managers samples is not a difficult task. It does not involve much research either, and at times it also provides you with a few simple information. With the right writing skills, this can be quite an easy task that gives you all the required information you are looking for.Just by looking through some of the examples and doing some research on the net you will find that the topics are quite broad. Even though this may be a bit overwhelming, keep in mind that it does not have to be. This is just information to help you get started, so you can then do some basic research to get some additional information.As the title suggests, writing a business essay on the comparison of two managers samples is all about comparing them. This means that the key is to put yourself in their shoes. Make sure that you are not only comparing the facts but also the experiences of both managers. In th e end, when the time comes to write down your summary, you will be able to compare the two managers by trying to capture everything you learned in these two examples.It is important to remember that this example essay is going to be the starting point for you to write more detailed essays when the time comes. At first, however, make sure that you know what kind of writing you need to do. If you need some guidance and ideas, you can look at some of the sample essays available online and apply what they offer to your own research.While this will provide you with a basis for what you should be writing, it will also help you with the basic knowledge. As you read some of the examples, you will also get some idea of what kinds of details you should be including in your essay. You will also learn about some specific rules and grammar standards that you should follow. Of course, this is not mandatory, but it can certainly help you with some of the aspects of writing a business essay on the comparison of two managers samples.Aside from the basic fact, a well-written business essay also allows you to leave a good impression with your reader. Remember that even though you have not found the best solution or the perfect solution, your essay is still very important. The readers will learn what exactly is wrong with the management of the company, and what exactly is wrong with the new manager as well.You can try to bring some of the differences between the two managers in a different way. One could use the way he/she managed the previous company, while the other might choose to use the two examples you provided to illustrate the differences between the two managers. Whatever you use, you will find that by using this type of example you will give more information, which in turn will result in a better business essay on the comparison of two managers samples.Writing a business essay on the comparison of two managers samples can be quite easy. It all depends on how detailed yo u want to get. If you want more detail, then you might want to consider using an example, since you will be able to use that as a base for your own research.

The Effects Of Racial Discrimination On The Police Force

Abstract The beginning of The World Is Not Black and White explains the growth of each race and how it will affect the environment within the next 35 years. A surprisingly steep decline in the white population as well as the growth of Latinos is greatly anticipated. All this information was processed under the census projects and are some what accurate. When investigating any bias thoughts involved in the police force, two tests were set up, both from different perspectives. The media has handled the deaths of all races more often than usual and has lead to the conclusion that there is some sort of pattern (Sdler,2012). The pattern focuses on racial discrimination rather than actual violence. Data held by the US Department of Justice and Bureau of justice states that African American minorities are often associated with crimes. However, shootings have been recently reported which confirms the US Departments claims. Aside from all these facts, treatment towards different races seems to be the issue. Another position used to counter attack this situation is how an officer must mentally and physically prepare themselves when dealing with armed people. One must be ready for any outcome. It is only for your benefit to prepare yourself when confronted by a black individual especially after reading the numbers of their involvement in incarceration (Sdler,2012). 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Exemplification Hip Hop Music free essay sample

Hip hop music is the most put down music on earth. In my opinion hip hop is also the most influential music in the world. I know what youre thinking, this is very arguable, but indeed it is true. Its been around over 40 years now. Its had its up and its downs. Every one of different colors and genders listen and also participate in hip hop you music. One reason I think hip hop is the most prominent music genre in the world is because of its fashion.In the early sasss hip hop created a new type of fashion. Track suits, sneakers, baggy pants, Kananga hats, flat tops, big shirts, and much more. At first the urban streetwise was mostly wore by African Americans but that soon changed. In the late sasss and early sasss many other cultures embraced the urban fashion. Not only were Aslant and Mexicans In love with the clothing, so were the whites. We will write a custom essay sample on Exemplification: Hip Hop Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Still to this day help hop clothing Is worn by almost every teenager.The biggest reason I think hip hop is the greatest music genre is because it can transcend culture. Hip hop is not a skill, hip hop is a talent. Hip hop is always there for anyone cause it is so diverse. Anyone of any culture can relate hip hop to their experience. Hip hop, unlike any other genre can combined with any other genres of music. It is also easier to get in then any other music. You can express yourself in hip hop with little money and little resources.In addition, hip hop music has the greatest ability to spread a message. Hip Hop songs have more words than most other genres of music. That makes it easier to get a point across and to inform others. For example, I can make a rap song about racism and in that song I can show many ways of how racism isnt k. The message will be acknowledged tremendously because for one, rap music Is loved by many different races and two; the rhymes will be very catchy. HIP hop music emphasizes lyrics (the words).Since the songs dont have melody, the most important parts are the beat and the words. Hip hop artists play with words and rhymes in the middle of complex rhythms. The lyrics often talk about love, political issues, black history, or about the dangerous lifestyle of drugs and gang violence in the inner cities (gangster hip hop). With the prices of computers going down and software getting better plus the Internet it looks like Hip Hop will have a big independent and international movement coming soon.